• make sure you are safe
• gently shake the person by the shoulders
• ask loudly: “Are you all right?”
• no response → call 112 immediately

• call as soon as the person does not respond – check breathing together with the dispatcher
• say what happened and where you are
• switch on the speaker and follow the dispatcher’s instructions
• several people: one calls, another fetches an AED

• tilt the head back, lift the chin
• look, listen and feel for breathing
• not breathing or breathing abnormally → START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• the person lies on a firm surface
• hands in the centre of the chest
• arms straight, shoulders above the chest
• rate 100–120 per minute, depth 5–6 cm
• let the chest rise fully after each compression

• 30 compressions : 2 breaths
• pinch the nose, seal your mouth well over theirs
• blow for 1 second – the chest should rise

Can’t or don’t want to give rescue breaths? Give compressions only, without interruption.

• switch on the device and follow the voice prompts
• pads: one below the right collarbone, the other on the lower left side below the chest
• DO NOT TOUCH the person during analysis and shock
• resume CPR immediately after the shock

• the ambulance crew arrives
• the person starts to move and breathe normally
• you are completely exhausted or someone takes over

• make sure you are safe
• gently tap the child on the shoulders
• ask loudly: “Are you OK?”

• call 112 immediately and switch on the speaker – even if you are alone
• several people: one calls, another starts CPR
• say that it is a child who is not responding

• tilt the head back slightly, lift the chin
• look, listen and feel for breathing
• not breathing or breathing abnormally → START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• pinch the nose, seal your mouth over the child’s mouth
• blow for about 1 second
• the chest should visibly rise

• the child lies on a firm surface
• one hand (both for a larger child) on the lower half of the breastbone
• depth: 1/3 of the chest
• rate 100–120 per minute
• 15 compressions : 2 breaths

Not trained in child CPR? Use 30 : 2 and follow the dispatcher.

• switch on the device and follow the voice prompts
• an AED can be used on a child of any age
• use paediatric pads or the child mode if the AED has them; if not, use adult pads
• child up to 8 years or 25 kg: one pad on the front (slightly left of the centre of the chest), the other on the back between the shoulder blades
• do not touch the child during analysis and shock
• resume CPR immediately after the shock

• emergency medical help arrives
• the child starts to breathe and move normally
• you are exhausted or someone takes over

• make sure you are safe
• gently stimulate the infant (stroking, tapping the sole of the foot)
• watch for a response

• call 112 immediately and switch on the speaker – even if you are alone
• several people: one calls, another starts CPR
• say that it is an infant who is not responding

• put the head in a neutral position
• look, listen and feel for breathing
• not breathing or breathing abnormally → START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• seal your mouth over the infant’s mouth and nose
• blow gently for about 1 second
• the chest should visibly rise

• the infant lies on a firm surface
• encircle the chest with your hands, both thumbs on the centre of the chest (lower half of the breastbone)
• cannot encircle the chest → press with the heel of one hand
• depth: 1/3 of the chest
• rate 100–120 per minute
• 15 compressions : 2 breaths

Not trained in child CPR? Use 30 : 2 and follow the dispatcher.

• switch on the device and follow the voice prompts
• an AED can also be used on an infant
• use paediatric pads or the child mode if the AED has them; if not, use adult pads
• one pad on the front in the centre of the chest, the other on the back between the shoulder blades
• do not touch the infant during analysis and shock
• resume CPR immediately after the shock

• emergency medical help arrives
• the infant starts to breathe and move normally
• you are exhausted or someone takes over

• can cough → let them cough hard
• while they are coughing effectively, do not hit them on the back
• stay with the person

• stand to the side and slightly behind the person
• support the chest with one hand, lean the person forward
• give up to 5 firm blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand
• after each blow, check whether the object has come out

• stand behind the person and put your arms around their waist
• place your fist between the navel and the breastbone, grasp it with your other hand
• pull sharply inwards and upwards up to 5 times

Pregnant woman or very large person: give thrusts to the lower part of the chest.

• alternate 5 blows and 5 thrusts until the object comes out
• object does not come out → call 112

• lower them carefully to the ground, call 112
• START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• say that you suspect a heart attack
• send someone to fetch an AED

• the person should sit or half-sit and rest
• loosen tight clothing and reassure them

• adult who is not allergic to aspirin: chew 150–500 mg of aspirin
• give it as soon as possible
• have prescribed nitroglycerin? Help them take it

Do not give aspirin if they are allergic to it, to a child, or if there are signs of stroke.

• do not leave them alone
• loses consciousness and is not breathing normally → START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• check the surroundings (traffic, electricity, dangerous objects)
• approach calmly

• speak loudly: “Are you all right?”
• gently shake them by the shoulders
• no response → continue

• call as soon as the person does not respond
• say that the person is unconscious, and where you are
• switch on the speaker

• tilt the head back, lift the chin
• look, listen and feel for breathing
• not breathing or breathing abnormally → START CPR IMMEDIATELY
• breathing normally → recovery position (next step)

• carefully roll the person onto their side
• bend the upper leg
• tilt the head back slightly
• mouth facing downwards (so fluids can drain)
• check breathing regularly

• watch breathing and consciousness
• do not leave the person alone
• stops breathing → CPR

• check the surroundings (traffic, glass, dangerous objects)
• put on gloves if possible

• with a clean cloth, bandage or piece of clothing
• press directly on the wound
• keep up the pressure without interruption
• dressing soaks through → do not remove it, add a new one on top

This is the most important measure.

• once the bleeding slows, firmly apply a pressure bandage over the gauze
• the bandage should press, but must not cut off circulation
• have haemostatic gauze? Pack it into the wound and press firmly on it

• for severe bleeding from an arm or leg when pressure is not enough
• apply 5–7 cm above the wound, not over a joint
• tighten firmly until the bleeding stops
• write the time of application on the tourniquet
• bleeding does not stop → second tourniquet just above the first
• do not remove it – only medical staff may do so

• you cannot stop the bleeding
• the wound is deep or large
• it is an amputation
• the person shows signs of shock
• it is a child or an infant

• lay the casualty down and cover them with a blanket
• reassure them
• do not give food or drink

• check the surroundings (machinery, traffic, electricity)
• protect yourself (gloves, if available)
• move the casualty to safety

• say that it is an amputation, which body part, and where you are
• switch on the speaker and follow the instructions

• press firmly on the wound with a clean cloth or bandage
• keep up the pressure without interruption

This is the most important thing.

• you cannot stop the bleeding → tourniquet 5–7 cm above the wound, not over a joint
• tighten firmly so that the bleeding stops
• write the time of application on the tourniquet
• do not remove the tourniquet

• do not rinse or rub it
• wrap it in sterile or clean damp gauze
• put it in a clean bag and seal it
• put the bag into a second bag with cold water or ice
• write the casualty’s name and the time on the bag
• the part should travel together with the casualty to the same hospital

The amputated part must not be in direct contact with ice or water. Never freeze it.

• lay the casualty down, raise the legs if possible (20 - 30 cm)
• cover them with a blanket and reassure them
• do not give food or drink

• monitor consciousness and breathing
• stops breathing → START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• check the surroundings and remove any dangers

• say that you suspect shock, what happened and what their condition is
• switch on the speaker

• lay the person on their back
• no injury to the spine, pelvis or legs → you may raise the legs for a short time
• breathing difficulties → raise the upper body slightly

Do not raise the legs if you suspect an injury to the spine, pelvis or legs.

• cover them with a blanket or clothing
• protect from cold or overheating
• do not warm them directly with hot objects

• stop the bleeding, treat injuries
• remove the allergen (if known)
• help with breathing

• check consciousness and breathing regularly
• be ready to start CPR

• say that you suspect anaphylaxis, and the trigger (if known)
• switch on the speaker
• do not wait for things to get worse

• ask whether they have an auto-injector (EpiPen, Jext, Emerade …)
• remove the safety cap
• press firmly into the outer thigh – it can go through clothing
• hold for 5–10 seconds (according to the instructions)
• no improvement after 5 minutes → second injector into the other thigh

Adrenaline is the first-choice medicine and is safe in an emergency.

• difficulty breathing → let them sit upright
• dizzy or weak → lay them down and raise the legs
• unconscious but breathing → recovery position
• do not leave the person alone

• remove the sting (if visible)
• stop contact with the allergen
• do not waste time if this is not immediately possible

• watch breathing and consciousness
• stops breathing → START CPR IMMEDIATELY

• remove triggers (smoke, dust, strong smells)
• reassure the person and stay with them

• let them sit upright and lean forward slightly
• do not lay them down (unless they lose consciousness)

• help them use their reliever inhaler (usually blue)
• 1–2 puffs, a deep, slow breath in
• hold the breath for a few seconds
• repeat after a few minutes if needed
• ideally with a spacer, if they have one

• watch their breathing – is it improving?
• they should use their inhaler as instructed by their doctor

• their condition does not improve after the inhaler or worsens quickly
• they can hardly speak or cannot speak at all
• they become very tired or confused
• they have bluish lips or nails
• there is no inhaler or it is a first attack
• it is a child

• check breathing
• breathing → recovery position
• not breathing or breathing abnormally → CPR and 112

• remove dangerous objects nearby
• protect the head (jacket, bag, hands)
• stay calm

• time how long the seizure lasts
• do not restrain the movements
• do not try to wake the person

• when the convulsions stop, check breathing
• breathing → recovery position
• stay with the person, reassure them and let them rest

After a seizure the person is often confused, tired or sleepy.

• the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
• seizures repeat without the person waking up in between
• the person does not wake up after the seizure or has difficulty breathing
• they are seriously injured
• it is a first seizure, a child or a pregnant woman
• you suspect poisoning or a head injury

• START CPR IMMEDIATELY and call 112

• say that you suspect a stroke, which signs you see and when they started
• switch on the speaker
• do not wait for the signs to pass

• conscious → let them sit or lie with the upper body slightly raised
• unconscious but breathing → recovery position

• watch consciousness and breathing
• be ready to start CPR

• check the surroundings (traffic, height, dangerous objects)
• do not move the casualty unnecessarily

• speak to them: “Are you all right?” and gently shake them by the shoulders
• no response → call 112, then check breathing, CPR if needed

• let them sit or lie still
• head in a neutral position
• reassure them and do not leave them alone

• press gently with a clean cloth or bandage
• do not press hard if you suspect a skull fracture
• do not remove an object from the wound – press around it

• headache, nausea, confusion, memory problems, drowsiness, sensitivity to light or noise
• stop immediately any sport or exertion
• the person must see a doctor

• they have lost consciousness or their condition is getting worse
• they are vomiting or having seizures
• they are bleeding from the ears or nose
• they are very drowsy or confused
• it is a child or an older person
• road accident or fall from a height

• remove the source of heat
• move the casualty to safety
• with an electrical burn, switch off the power first

• cool with cold running water
• for at least 20 minutes
• start as soon as possible (worthwhile up to 3 hours after the injury)
• remove jewellery and tight clothing (if not stuck to the skin)

Do not use ice or ice-cold water.

• sterile gauze, a clean cloth or cling film
• cover loosely, without pressure

• the burn is deep or large
• the head, face, neck or airways are burnt
• it is a child or an infant
• it is an electrical or chemical burn
• there are signs of shock or the person is unconscious

• lay the casualty down and reassure them
• cover with a blanket (not over the burn)
• do not give food or drink

• check the surroundings
• do not move the casualty unnecessarily and reassure them

• immobilise the limb in the position you find it
• do not straighten or reset the bone or joint
• use a splint, bandage or improvised materials
• immobilise the joints above and below the injury
• strap an arm to the body, a leg to the healthy leg

• cold compress for 10–20 minutes
• never directly on the skin – wrap it in a cloth

• do not rinse the wound, do not push the bone back in
• cover the wound with a sterile dressing
• stop the bleeding around the wound
• call 112 immediately

• do not reset the joint
• immobilise in the position found
• seek medical help

• you suspect a fracture of the spine or pelvis
• it is an open fracture or there is heavy bleeding
• the head is injured
• it is a child or an older person
• they cannot feel or move the limb
• there are signs of shock

• lay them down (if possible), cover with a blanket, reassure
• do not give food or drink

• protect yourself (gloves, ventilation)
• remove the casualty from the dangerous environment
• do not breathe in toxic fumes

• unconscious and not breathing → CPR and 112
• unconscious but breathing → recovery position

• the person’s age
• what they swallowed or inhaled, when and how much
• what the signs are

• do not induce vomiting
• do not give food or drink without instructions from a health professional
• do not give alcohol
• do not leave the person alone
• keep the packaging of the substance for the doctors

• lay them down, cover with a blanket, reassure

• sugar cubes, a sugary drink (juice, sweetened tea), glucose tablets or gel
• about 15–20 g of fast-acting sugar
• wait 15 minutes; no improvement → repeat
• child does not cooperate → half a teaspoon of sugar under the tongue
• once they improve, they should eat something longer-acting (bread, a biscuit)

• give sugar slowly
• make sure they do not choke

• DO NOT give food or drink
• check breathing
• breathing → recovery position
• not breathing → CPR
• call 112 immediately

• they lose consciousness or have seizures
• their condition does not improve
• you do not know what to do, or cannot reliably recognise the emergency
• it is a child

• call 112 (or a lifeguard)
• hold out a stick or rope, or throw a floating object (ring, ball, bottle)
• only go into the water if you are trained, and with a flotation aid

• get the person out of the water as quickly as possible
• if you suspect a neck injury (diving into shallow water), move them carefully, but do not delay CPR

• not responding → call 112 (if you have not already)
• open the airway and check breathing

• first 5 rescue breaths
• then 30 compressions : 2 breaths (child, if you are trained: 15 : 2)
• AED when available – dry the chest first

In drowning, lack of oxygen is the main cause of the arrest, so rescue breaths are very important.

• recovery position
• remove wet clothing, cover with a blanket
• monitor breathing

• smoke, fire or a smell of burning → act immediately
• warn everyone: shout “FIRE!”
• if possible, switch off the electricity and gas
• do not look for the cause – save people

• by the shortest safe route
• do not use the lift
• close doors behind you

Can’t get out? Go to a room with a window, close the door and call for help.

• once you are safe
• say: fire, address and type of building
• are people or animals trapped? Is anyone injured?
• stay on the line until the end of the call

• only a small fire that has just started
• fire extinguisher; water only if there is no electricity or gas
• always keep an escape route behind you

Smoke is spreading or the fire is growing → GET OUT IMMEDIATELY.

• do not go back without the firefighters’ permission
• do not breathe in smoke or soot
• give first aid to the injured

• stay calm, judge the wind direction
• do not go near the fire or smoke
• larger fire → leave immediately

• exact location (place, path, landmarks)
• size and direction of spread
• are there people, buildings or animals nearby?
• do not end the call until the dispatcher tells you to

• against the wind direction
• avoid valleys, gullies and forest paths
• find an open space without vegetation (road, rocks)
• do not run uphill if the fire is approaching

• cover your mouth and nose with a wet cloth
• stay low, close to the ground
• find an area without flammable material
• save your energy for breathing and calling for help

Do not cross the fire line unless rescuers tell you to.

• only a very small fire (smouldering grass)
• water, soil or a branch
• fire spreads or the wind is blowing → stop immediately

Never risk your life to put out a fire.

• stop and switch on the hazard lights
• put on a high-visibility vest before getting out
• set up the warning triangle: motorway at least 100 m, outside built-up areas 50–100 m
• if there is fire, smoke or heavy traffic, move to safety

• who is injured? Most seriously injured first
• unconscious → check breathing

Do not move the casualty unless they are in immediate danger (fire, explosion).

• what happened, how many are injured, where you are
• stay on the line until the dispatcher tells you otherwise

• stop severe bleeding
• help them lie or sit, reassure, protect from the cold
• not breathing → CPR

• do not move damaged vehicles, do not remove traces
• direct traffic only if it is safe
• if no one is injured, you may photograph the vehicles and the surroundings

• follow the instructions of the police and rescuers
• stay at the scene until the procedure is complete

• do not expose yourself to additional dangers
• follow official warnings (radio, phone)

• lives in danger, injured people, evacuation needed
• say what is happening, where you are, how many people there are

• children, older people and people with disabilities
• follow the instructions of rescuers and civil protection

• do not enter a flooded room unless necessary
• do not touch the water if it may be live
• wear boots and gloves

• main electricity switch, gas and water supply
• only if it is safe – otherwise wait for professionals

Never step into water to switch off the electricity.

• lives are in danger or evacuation is needed
• it is an industrial or large building
• chemicals, fuels or gases are present
• give the location, type of building, water level, hazardous substances

• wait for permission from the authorities
• check structural safety, ventilate
• have appliances checked by a professional before use

• remove the water gradually
• clean out the mud, disinfect the rooms
• throw away food and items that have been in contact with the water
• quick drying prevents mould

• stay calm, use a torch or your phone
• is the outage only in your home or wider?
• check the fuses and the main switch (only if it is safe)

• unplug sensitive appliances (TV, computer, machines)
• leave one light switched on so you know when the power returns
• when the power returns, do not switch on all appliances at once

• do not leave candles unattended
• do not use gas appliances to heat a room
• take care on stairs and in dark rooms
• explain the situation to children

• do not open the fridge and freezer unnecessarily
• a closed fridge keeps food safe for several hours
• check food after a long outage

• lives are at risk (patients, medical devices)
• the outage is the result of an accident (fire, flood, explosion)
• you notice sparks, smoke or damaged power lines

Never touch fallen power lines.

• stop immediately, do not walk aimlessly
• calm your breathing and think
• remember your last known location

• rescuers will find you more easily
• find shelter from cold, heat and wind
• make yourself visible (bright clothing, backpack)
• save your energy and your phone battery

• turn on location (GPS)
• say where you were last, what the surroundings are like and how you are
• follow the instructions; do not switch off your phone

• leave the area immediately by a safe route
• leave your belongings behind, keep your hands visible
• do not run towards the sound of gunfire
• once you are safe, do not go back

• lock and barricade the door
• switch off the lights, silence your phone
• move away from windows and doors, stay quiet
• choose a room with solid walls

• only when in immediate danger and with no other option
• act decisively, in a coordinated way as a group, with improvised objects
• escape as soon as possible

• location, what is happening, description of the attacker, whether anyone is injured
• follow the dispatcher’s instructions

• drop everything, keep your hands visible
• follow instructions, do not shout and do not run towards the police

• help the injured when it is safe
• stop severe bleeding with pressure
• do not move the seriously injured, stay with them

• an enclosed building or a car with a metal body (windows closed)
• not under trees, in open fields, on hills or ridges
• away from water and metal objects

• get as low as possible
• crouch down, feet together, head down
• do not lie on the ground
• at least 3–5 m from other people

• check consciousness and breathing
• not breathing → START CPR IMMEDIATELY
• call 112

Cardiac arrest is the most common cause of death after a lightning strike.

• cool burns with water
• cover and keep the casualty warm
• do not move them unless necessary

• switch off electrical appliances
• do not use corded phones, do not shower
• stay indoors for at least 30 minutes after the last thunder

• a solid building (house, shop, garage)
• close windows, doors and shutters
• no shelter → protect your head (backpack, jacket, hands)

Not under trees, light canopies or in the open.

• stop in a safe place, away from trees and poles
• stay in the vehicle
• do not continue driving if visibility is poor

• bring children, older people and animals indoors
• close barns and sheds

• stay in shelter until the hail stops
• watch out for broken glass and fallen objects
• do not touch damaged power lines
• photograph the damage

• someone is injured
• the hail causes a traffic accident
• there is danger from damage to buildings, electricity or gas

• signs: fresh snow, strong wind, cracking of the snowpack, avalanches nearby
• follow avalanche warnings
• avoid steep slopes (30–45°)

• move sideways out of the avalanche’s path
• release skis, board and poles; drop heavy equipment
• protect your face and airways

Do not run downhill – the avalanche is faster.

• try to “swim” on the surface
• before you stop, make an air pocket in front of your face
• once stopped, close your mouth, stay calm, save oxygen

• note the last point where the buried person was seen
• call 112 immediately
• search with an avalanche transceiver, probe and shovel

• check breathing and consciousness
• not breathing → CPR
• protect from the cold

• cracks in the ground
• tilted trees, poles, fences
• sudden flows of mud or rocks

• to the left or right of the landslide’s path
• do not run downhill
• go to higher, stable ground
• avoid gullies, valleys and riverbeds

• leave the building if it is safe
• cannot get out → upper floor, on the side away from the landslide
• do not stay in the basement

• location, what is happening, whether people are trapped, whether the landslide is still active

• do not go back – the landslide may happen again
• do not touch damaged power lines and pipes
• follow civil protection instructions

• stay calm
• check for hazards (falling rocks, water, narrow passages)
• do not endanger yourself or others

• consciousness, breathing, bleeding
• injuries to the head, spine, limbs
• signs of hypothermia (shivering, confusion)

Do not move them unless they are in immediate danger.

• stop severe bleeding
• immobilise the injured limb
• keep them warm (clothing, foil blanket)
• reassure them and talk to them

• accident in a cave, name of the cave and entrance
• depth or part of the cave, number of people, condition
• is the cave flooded?
• no signal → the most experienced person goes to the surface for help

• stay together
• save your lights and batteries
• do not explore further and do not attempt rescue from difficult sections yourself

• mountain weather, not just the valley
• storms, wind, temperatures, snow and avalanches
• poor forecast → postpone the trip

• according to fitness, experience and season
• length, elevation gain, difficulty
• set a turnaround time and a backup plan

• where you are going, which route, when you will be back
• do not change your route without letting people know

• hiking boots, layered clothing, windproof jacket
• water, food, first aid kit, torch
• fully charged phone and a power bank
• map (do not rely on signal alone)

• do not go alone if you are inexperienced
• adjust the pace to the slowest person
• rest regularly

• stay calm, call 112
• give your location, condition and number of people
• do not continue if you are unsure of the direction

• check the security situation in the country
• arrange travel insurance
• scan your documents
• save contacts (embassy, insurer, 112)
• let people close to you know your route

• carry originals and copies separately
• do not show off money, use cards and the safe
• always keep your bags in sight

• avoid dark and deserted places
• use official transport
• do not reveal that you are travelling alone; drink alcohol in moderation

• do not use public Wi-Fi for banking
• lock your phone, turn on device tracking
• carry a power bank, do not share your location publicly

• basic first aid kit
• know the local emergency number (112 in Europe, 911 in the USA)
• see a doctor immediately if you have serious problems

• stolen documents → police and the embassy or consulate
• use your insurance and official channels
• stay calm and act thoughtfully

• stay calm – animals sense stress
• approach carefully, an injured animal may bite
• use a lead, a blanket or a towel

• is it conscious? Breathing? Bleeding heavily? Visible injuries?
• unconscious, not breathing, heavy bleeding = emergency

• stop severe bleeding with pressure
• keep the animal still, cover it
• protect the wound from dirt

Do not give human medicines. Do not set fractures.

• nearest veterinary clinic or emergency service
• say what happened, the type of animal, its condition and the location
• follow the instructions given over the phone

• carrier, box or blanket as a stretcher
• keep the back and neck stable